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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">α-Synuclein</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_1.C.77.1.1" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Α-Synuclein
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<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p>Vorhandene Strukturdaten: <span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1XQ8">1XQ8</a></span>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;;">Eigenschaften des menschlichen Proteins
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<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">140 Aminosäuren
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<td><a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundär-</a> bis <a href="Quart%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Quartärstruktur">Quartärstruktur</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Monomer
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<td><a href="Isoform" title="Isoform">Isoformen</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<td><a href="Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gen-Name</a>
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<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/all?query=11138">SNCA</a></i>
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<td>Externe IDs
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<ul><li><a href="Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/163890">163890</a></li>
<li><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P37840">P37840</a></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Transporter-Klassifikation
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<td><a href="Transporter_Classification_Database" title="Transporter Classification Database">TCDB</a>
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<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.C.77.1.1">1.C.77.1.1</a>
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<td><a href="Membrantransport" title="Membrantransport">Bezeichnung</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Synuclein-Familie
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Homologie-Familie
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hogenom.univ-lyon1.fr/query_sequence?seq=P37840">Hovergen</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere">Wirbeltiere</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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</tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
<p><b>α-Synuclein</b> (auch α-Synuklein, SNCA) ist ein kleines, lösliches <a href="Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a> im <a href="Gehirn" title="Gehirn">Gehirn</a> von <a href="Wirbeltiere" title="Wirbeltiere">Wirbeltieren</a>, das unter anderem die <a href="Dopamin" title="Dopamin">Dopamin</a>-Ausschüttung reguliert. Es ist in der Lage, <a href="Membrankan%C3%A4le" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrankanäle">Membrankanäle</a> zu bilden und ist daher ein <a href="Transportprotein" title="Transportprotein">Transportprotein</a>. <a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutationen</a> im <i>SNCA</i>-<a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> sind verantwortlich für <a href="Synucleinopathie" title="Synucleinopathie">Synucleinopathien</a>, wie die erblichen Formen 1 und 4 der <a href="Parkinson-Krankheit" title="Parkinson-Krankheit">Parkinson-Krankheit</a> und der <a href="Lewy-K%C3%B6rperchen-Demenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy-Körperchen-Demenz">Lewy-Körperchen-Demenz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funktion">Funktion</h2></div>
<p>Wie der Name impliziert, wurde SNCA initial als synaptisches und nukleäres Protein identifiziert.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Trotz intensiver Studien ist die genaue Rolle von SNCA noch nicht klar definiert: Es gibt Anzeichen dafür, dass SNCA bei der Aufrechterhaltung des synaptischen Vesikel-Pools eine Rolle spielt und die Dopaminfreisetzung moduliert, aber SNCA-knockout-Mäuse haben keinen offensichtlichen Phänotyp.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primärstruktur"><span id="Prim.C3.A4rstruktur"></span>Primärstruktur</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a> von α-Synuclein wird in drei verschiedene Domänen unterteilt:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a> 1–60: Das charakteristische dieses <a href="N-Terminus" title="N-Terminus">N-terminalen</a>, <a href="Amphiphilie" title="Amphiphilie">amphipathischen</a> Abschnitts ist eine Sequenz von elf Aminosäuren, welche vier Mal wiederholt wird. Diesen Abschnitten ist gemein, dass sie jeweils die <a href="Konsensussequenz" title="Konsensussequenz">Konsensussequenz</a> KTKEGV besitzen. Die resultierende <a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundärstruktur</a> dieser Sequenz ist eine <a href="%CE%91-Helix" title="Α-Helix">α-Helix</a>, sie ähnelt Domänen, die an <a href="Apolipoprotein" class="mw-redirect" title="Apolipoprotein">Apolipoproteine</a> binden.</li>
<li><a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a> 61–95: Dieser Abschnitt ist <a href="Hydrophobie" title="Hydrophobie">hydrophob</a> und besitzt die sogenannte <i>non-amyloid-β component</i> (NAC) Region, welche in die Proteinaggregation involviert ist. Zusätzlich sind drei weitere KTKEGV-Wiederholungen zu finden.</li>
<li><a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren" title="Aminosäuren">Aminosäuren</a> 96–140: In diesem Abschnitt sind viele Aminosäuren mit saurem Rest aber auch <a href="Prolin" title="Prolin">Prolin</a> zu finden. Dieser <a href="C-Terminus" title="C-Terminus">C-terminale</a> Abschnitt zeigt keine Tendenz eine bestimmte <a href="Sekund%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Sekundärstruktur">Sekundärstruktur</a> zu bilden.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathologie">Pathologie</h2></div>
<p>α-Synuclein wurde im menschlichen <a href="Gehirn" title="Gehirn">Gehirn</a> als Vorstufe des <i>nicht-Amyloid-β-Proteins</i> identifiziert. Wissenschaftler des <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">US-amerikanischen</a> <i>National Human Genome Research Institute</i> (NHGRI) an den <i><a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a></i> (NIH) in <a href="Bethesda_(Maryland)" title="Bethesda (Maryland)">Bethesda</a>, <a href="Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> haben <a href="1997" title="1997">1997</a> herausgefunden, dass es an mehreren pathogenen Prozessen bei <a href="Neurodegenerative_Erkrankung" title="Neurodegenerative Erkrankung">neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen</a> wie zum Beispiel dem Morbus <a href="Parkinson-Krankheit" title="Parkinson-Krankheit">Parkinson</a> beteiligt ist. So wurde in den für letztere typischen <a href="Lewy-K%C3%B6rperchen" title="Lewy-Körperchen">Lewy-Körperchen</a> eine positive Immunreaktion für <a href="Antik%C3%B6rper" title="Antikörper">Antikörper</a> gegen α-Synuclein gefunden.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diesem Protein wird eine toxische Wirkung auf bestimmte Nervenzellen, vor allem aber auf <a href="Dopamin" title="Dopamin">dopaminerge</a> Neurone der <a href="Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a> zugeschrieben, in denen es in Form von <a href="Fibrille" title="Fibrille">Protofibrillen</a> als Mitverursacher <a href="Oxidativer_Stress" title="Oxidativer Stress">oxidativen Stresses</a> und daraus resultierenden neuronalen Zelltodes angesehen wird.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auch eine Bedeutung der α-Synucleine bei der Entstehung von <a href="Prion" title="Prion">Prionkrankheiten</a> oder der <a href="Alzheimersche_Krankheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimersche Krankheit">Alzheimerschen Krankheit</a> wird diskutiert.
</p><p>Die Gruppe neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen, bei denen es zu einer pathologischen Akkumulation von α-Synuclein im zentralen Nervensystem kommt, bezeichnet man als <a href="Synucleinopathie" title="Synucleinopathie">Synucleinopathien</a>.
</p><p>Die Wiener Firma AFFiRiS AG führt seit dem 5. Juni 2012 eine <a href="Klinische_Studie" title="Klinische Studie">klinische Studie</a> mit dem gegen α-Synuclein gerichteten Wirkstoff PD01A durch mit dem Ziel, einen <a href="Impfstoff" title="Impfstoff">Impfstoff</a> gegen die <a href="Morbus_Parkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbus Parkinson">Parkinsonsche Erkrankung</a> zu entwickeln. Durch die Impfung soll das Immunsystem angeregt werden, <a href="Antik%C3%B6rper" title="Antikörper">Antikörper</a> gegen α-Synuclein zu bilden.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>M. H. Polymeropoulos, C. Lavedan, E. Leroy et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson’s disease</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>276</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5321</span>, Juni 1997, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2045–2047</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5321.2045">10.1126/science.276.5321.2045</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197268?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9197268</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Mutation+in+the+alpha-synuclein+gene+identified+in+families+with+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease&rft.au=M.+H.+Polymeropoulos%2C+C.+Lavedan%2C+E.+Leroy+et+al.&rft.date=1997-06&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.276.5321.2045&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5321&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=2045-2047&rft.pmid=9197268&rft.volume=276" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Manuela Neumann, Philipp J. Kahle, Benoit I. Giasson et al.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Misfolded proteinase K-resistant hyperphosphorylated alpha-synuclein in aged transgenic mice with locomotor deterioration and in human alpha-synucleinopathies</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Clinical Investigation</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>110</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10</span>, November 2002, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220021-9738%22&key=cql">0021-9738</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1429–1439</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI15777">10.1172/JCI15777</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12438441?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12438441</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151810/">PMC 151810</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Misfolded+proteinase+K-resistant+hyperphosphorylated+alpha-synuclein+in+aged+transgenic+mice+with+locomotor+deterioration+and+in+human+alpha-synucleinopathies&rft.au=Manuela+Neumann%2C+Philipp+J.+Kahle%2C+Benoit+I.+Giasson+et+al.&rft.date=2002-11&rft.doi=10.1172%2FJCI15777&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0021-9738&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.pages=1429-1439&rft.pmc=151810&rft.pmid=12438441&rft.volume=110" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Sandra Blakeslee: <cite style="font-style:italic">In Folding Proteins, Clues to Many Diseases</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></cite>. 21. Mai 2002 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/21/health/in-folding-proteins-clues-to-many-diseases.html">nytimes.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=In+Folding+Proteins%2C+Clues+to+Many+Diseases&rft.au=Sandra+Blakeslee&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2002-05-21&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Ahmad Jowaed, Ina Schmitt, Oliver Kaut, Ullrich Wüllner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Methylation regulates alpha-synuclein expression and is decreased in Parkinson’s disease patients’ brains</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Neuroscience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>30</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>18</span>, Mai 2010, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221529-2401%22&key=cql">1529-2401</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6355–6359</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6119-09.2010">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6119-09.2010</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20445061?dopt=Abstract">PMID 20445061</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Methylation+regulates+alpha-synuclein+expression+and+is+decreased+in+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease+patients%E2%80%99+brains&rft.au=Ahmad+Jowaed%2C+Ina+Schmitt%2C+Oliver+Kaut%2C+...&rft.date=2010-05&rft.doi=10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.6119-09.2010&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1529-2401&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.pages=6355-6359&rft.pmid=20445061&rft.volume=30" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Kelvin C. Luk, Victoria Kehm, Jenna Carroll, Bin Zhang, Patrick O’Brien, <a href="John_Q._Trojanowski" title="John Q. Trojanowski">John Q. Trojanowski</a>, <a href="Virginia_M.-Y._Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia M.-Y. Lee">Virginia M.-Y. Lee</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Pathological α-Synuclein Transmission Initiates Parkinson-like Neurodegeneration in Non-transgenic Mice</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>338</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6109</span>, 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>949–953</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227157">10.1126/science.1227157</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161999?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23161999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3552321/">PMC 3552321</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Pathological+%CE%B1-Synuclein+Transmission+Initiates+Parkinson-like+Neurodegeneration+in+Non-transgenic+Mice&rft.au=Kelvin+C.+Luk%2C+Victoria+Kehm%2C+Jenna+Carroll%2C+...&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1227157&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6109&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=949-953&rft.pmc=3552321&rft.pmid=23161999&rft.volume=338" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alpha-synuclein?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: alpha synuclein</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu/">Peter T. Lansbury</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omabrowser.org/cgi-bin/gateway.pl?f=DisplayGroup&p1=P37840">Homologe zu P37840 bei OMA</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia M. George: <cite style="font-style:italic">The synucleins</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Genome_Biology" title="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>reviews3002.1–reviews3002.6</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806835?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11806835</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150459/">PMC 150459</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=The+synucleins&rft.au=Julia+M.+George&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.pages=reviews3002.1-reviews3002.6&rft.pmc=150459&rft.pmid=11806835&rft.volume=3" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Lavedan: <cite style="font-style:italic">The synuclein family</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Genome_Research" title="Genome Research">Genome Research</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, September 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>871–880</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.8.9.871">10.1101/gr.8.9.871</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750188?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9750188</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.cshlp.org/content/8/9/871.full.pdf">genome.org</a> [PDF; <span style="white-space:nowrap">188<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>kB</span>]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=The+synuclein+family&rft.au=C.+Lavedan&rft.date=1998-09&rft.doi=10.1101%2Fgr.8.9.871&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Genome+Research&rft.pages=871-880&rft.pmid=9750188&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P37840">P37840</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deadurl.invalid/http://pid.nci.nih.gov/search/pathway_landing.shtml?pathway_id=alphasynuclein_pathway&source=NCI-Nature%20curated&what=graphic&gif=on&ppage=1">@1</a></span><span style="display:none"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.nci.nih.gov/search/pathway_landing.shtml?pathway_id=alphasynuclein_pathway&source=NCI-Nature%20curated&what=graphic&gif=on&ppage=1">@2</a></span><span style="display:none">Vorlage:Toter Link/pid.nci.nih.gov</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.nci.nih.gov/search/pathway_landing.shtml?pathway_id=alphasynuclein_pathway&source=NCI-Nature%20curated&what=graphic&gif=on&ppage=1">Pathway DB: <i>Alpha-synuclein signaling.</i></a> <small>(Seite nicht mehr abrufbar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timetravel.mementoweb.org/list/2010/http://pid.nci.nih.gov/search/pathway_landing.shtml?pathway_id=alphasynuclein_pathway&source=NCI-Nature%20curated&what=graphic&gif=on&ppage=1">Suche in Webarchiven</a>)</small></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Maroteaux, J. T. Campanelli, R. H. Scheller: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synuclein: a neuron-specific protein localized to the nucleus and presynaptic nerve terminal</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Neuroscience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>8</span>, August 1988, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220270-6474%22&key=cql">0270-6474</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2804–2815</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3411354?dopt=Abstract">PMID 3411354</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Synuclein%3A+a+neuron-specific+protein+localized+to+the+nucleus+and+presynaptic+nerve+terminal&rft.au=L.+Maroteaux%2C+J.+T.+Campanelli%2C+R.+H.+Scheller&rft.date=1988-08&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0270-6474&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.pages=2804-2815&rft.pmid=3411354&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Abeliovich, Y. Schmitz, I. Fariñas, D. Choi-Lundberg, W. H. Ho, P. E. Castillo, N. Shinsky, J. M. Verdugo, M. Armanini, A. Ryan, M. Hynes, H. Phillips, D. Sulzer, A. Rosenthal: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Neuron_(Zeitschrift)" title="Neuron (Zeitschrift)">Neuron</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>25</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, Januar 2000, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>239–252</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10707987?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10707987</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Mice+lacking+alpha-synuclein+display+functional+deficits+in+the+nigrostriatal+dopamine+system&rft.au=A.+Abeliovich%2C+Y.+Schmitz%2C+I.+Fari%C3%B1as%2C+...&rft.date=2000-01&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.pages=239-252&rft.pmid=10707987&rft.volume=25" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. D. Murphy, S. M. Rueter, J. Q. Trojanowski, V. M. Lee: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synucleins are developmentally expressed, and alpha-synuclein regulates the size of the presynaptic vesicular pool in primary hippocampal neurons</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Journal of Neuroscience</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>20</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, Mai 2000, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%221529-2401%22&key=cql">1529-2401</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3214–3220</span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777786?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10777786</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=Synucleins+are+developmentally+expressed%2C+and+alpha-synuclein+regulates+the+size+of+the+presynaptic+vesicular+pool+in+primary+hippocampal+neurons&rft.au=D.+D.+Murphy%2C+S.+M.+Rueter%2C+J.+Q.+Trojanowski%2C+...&rft.date=2000-05&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=1529-2401&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.pages=3214-3220&rft.pmid=10777786&rft.volume=20" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonid Breydo, Jessica W. Wu, Vladimir N. Uversky: <cite style="font-style:italic">Α-synuclein misfolding and Parkinson’s disease</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1822</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2</span>, Februar 2012, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220006-3002%22&key=cql">0006-3002</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>261–285</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.002">10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.002</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024360?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22024360</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.atitle=%CE%91-synuclein+misfolding+and+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease&rft.au=Leonid+Breydo%2C+Jessica+W.+Wu%2C+Vladimir+N.+Uversky&rft.date=2012-02&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.bbadis.2011.10.002&rft.genre=journal&rft.issn=0006-3002&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+Et+Biophysica+Acta&rft.pages=261-285&rft.pmid=22024360&rft.volume=1822" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Brunn: <i>Vorlesung Allgemeine Pathologie.</i> Abteilung für Neuropathologie, Universität zu Köln, Sommersemester 2005. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Tolnay: <i>α-Synuclein und Tau: abnorme Proteinablagerungen beim Parkinson-(plus)-Syndrom.</i> In: <i>Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.</i> Band 151, 2000, S. 136–145 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanp.ch/docs/2000/2000-04/2000-04-017.pdf">sanp.ch</a> PDF).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611022343/http://www.affiris.com/html/de/presse_medien/pressemeldungen.html"><i>Parkinson-Impfstoff – weltweit erste klinische Studie in Wien.</i></a> AFFiRiS AG, 5. Juni 2012, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.affiris.com%2Fhtml%2Fde%2Fpresse_medien%2Fpressemeldungen.html">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">11. Juni 2012</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 11. Juni 2012</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3A%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.title=Parkinson-Impfstoff+%E2%80%93+weltweit+erste+klinische+Studie+in+Wien&rft.description=Parkinson-Impfstoff+%E2%80%93+weltweit+erste+klinische+Studie+in+Wien&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120611022343%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.affiris.com%2Fhtml%2Fde%2Fpresse_medien%2Fpressemeldungen.html&rft.publisher=AFFiRiS+AG&rft.date=2012-06-05&rft.source=http://www.affiris.com/html/de/presse_medien/pressemeldungen.html"> </span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Thomas H. Maugh: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-parkinsons-vaccine-20120607,0,1417663.story"><i>First trial of vaccine to treat Parkinson’s disease begins.</i></a> In: <i>Los Angeles Times.</i> 7. Juni 2012,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 11. Juni 2012</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3A%CE%91-Synuclein&rft.title=First+trial+of+vaccine+to+treat+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease+begins&rft.description=First+trial+of+vaccine+to+treat+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+disease+begins&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-parkinsons-vaccine-20120607%2C0%2C1417663.story&rft.creator=Thomas+H.+Maugh&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.language=en"> </span></span>
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